In civil litigation, the non-moving party is the side that receives a formal motion from an opponent and must file a written response. If you do nothing, the court can treat the motion as unopposed and rule against you without ever weighing your side of the dispute. That is the whole reason the role matters: the clock starts the moment the motion is served, and almost everything you can do to protect your case has to happen inside a short window with specific evidence and specific legal arguments attached.
The framework below tracks federal practice. State courts generally mirror these principles with their own local variations, so always cross-check the rules in your jurisdiction.
The Deadline You’re Working Against
The federal rules do not set a single universal deadline for filing an opposition brief. Response times depend on the type of motion, the court’s local rules, and any scheduling orders from the judge. Most federal district courts set deadlines of 14 or 21 days for opposing motions through their local rules. The assigned judge’s individual practices may impose different timeframes, so check the local rules and the judge’s standing orders the moment you receive a motion.
Missing the deadline can be devastating. Many courts treat an unopposed motion as conceded, meaning the judge may grant it without reviewing the merits. Even courts that evaluate unopposed motions on the merits will do so without your version of the facts, and that rarely ends well.
Asking for More Time
If you need an extension, Rule 6(b) lets a court extend a deadline for good cause. Timing is what matters. Ask before the deadline expires and the court has broad discretion to grant more time, with or without a formal motion. Ask after the deadline has passed and you must show “excusable neglect,” which is a harder standard to meet.1Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 6 – Computing and Extending Time Recognize early when you need more time and file the request before the clock runs out.
What You’re Actually Responding To
Two motions account for most of the high-stakes opposition work in civil cases, and the response burden on the non-moving party is different for each.
A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule 12(b)(6) argues that even if every fact in your complaint is true, the law doesn’t recognize it as a valid claim.2Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 12 – Defenses and Objections Your job is to show the court that your complaint does state a legally recognized claim and that dismissal would be premature.
A motion for summary judgment raises the bar considerably. The moving party argues that the undisputed facts entitle them to win without a trial.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment Beating this motion requires you to identify specific facts that remain genuinely disputed, backed by actual evidence.
Other motions also require responses — motions to compel discovery, motions to exclude evidence, motions to transfer venue — but the core principles are the same. You address the moving party’s arguments head-on, within the deadline, with evidence and law.
Building the Opposition
Every opposition needs two things: evidence supporting your version of the facts and legal arguments explaining why the court should deny the motion. A brief that recites arguments without evidence, or dumps exhibits on the court without connecting them to legal standards, will struggle.
Your Evidence
The evidence attached to an opposition typically takes the form of sworn declarations or affidavits, deposition excerpts, documents produced during discovery, and answers to interrogatories. Rule 56(c) specifically lists depositions, electronically stored information, affidavits, stipulations, admissions, and interrogatory answers as materials a party may rely on.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment The evidence must be specific. Vague assertions that “facts are disputed” accomplish nothing. You need to point the court to particular records that show a genuine disagreement.
Your Legal Memorandum
Your memorandum of law ties the evidence to the legal standard the judge will apply. Cite the statutes, regulations, and case law that support denying the motion. Address the moving party’s strongest arguments directly rather than ignoring them. Judges notice when you sidestep the hard points, and it undermines your credibility on everything else. The goal isn’t to prove you will win at trial. It’s to show the court enough reason to let you get there.
Attacking the Movant’s Evidence
You don’t have to accept everything in the moving party’s filing at face value. Under Rule 56(c)(2), you can object that the evidence the moving party relies on cannot be presented in a form that would be admissible at trial.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment If the movant attaches an unsworn letter from a witness or an unauthenticated document, you can challenge it. These objections can strip away the foundation of the motion. File your evidentiary objections in a separate section of your brief or as a standalone filing, depending on local practice.
Extra Duties When It’s a Summary Judgment Motion
Summary judgment is where the non-moving party’s burden is most precisely defined, and where the consequences of a weak response are most severe. The court will grant summary judgment if the movant shows there is no genuine dispute of material fact and that the law favors them.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment Your opposition must demonstrate that disputed facts exist and that those facts actually matter to the outcome.
Responding Fact by Fact
Many courts require point-by-point responses to the moving party’s statement of undisputed facts. For each fact, you either admit it, deny it with a citation to evidence, or explain why it’s immaterial. If you fail to properly address a fact asserted by the moving party, the court may consider that fact undisputed for purposes of the motion and can grant summary judgment if the undisputed facts support it.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment This is where most summary judgment oppositions fall apart. Not because the case is weak, but because the response doesn’t do the work of connecting specific evidence to specific disputed facts.
When You Haven’t Had Enough Discovery
Sometimes a summary judgment motion arrives before you’ve had a fair chance to gather evidence. Rule 56(d) is a safety valve. If you can show through an affidavit or declaration that you cannot yet present facts essential to your opposition, the court may defer ruling, deny the motion outright, or allow additional time for discovery.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment The affidavit needs to explain specifically what facts you expect to find and why you haven’t been able to obtain them. A generic complaint that discovery is incomplete won’t do.
Talking to the Other Side First
Before filing certain motions or oppositions, federal and state courts increasingly require the parties to confer. In the federal system, this is clearest for discovery disputes: a motion to compel must include a certification that the moving party tried in good faith to resolve the issue without court involvement.4Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 37 – Failure to Make Disclosures or to Cooperate in Discovery; Sanctions Skip the step and the court can deny the motion and withhold attorney fees.
Many local rules extend the conferral requirement to other kinds of motions. The expectation is a real conversation, meaning a phone call or in-person discussion aimed at narrowing or resolving the dispute. Sending an email with your position and calling it a conference generally doesn’t satisfy the requirement. When opposing a motion, check whether the local rules require you to certify that you conferred with the moving party before filing your response.
Filing Mechanics
Every motion must be in writing, state the specific grounds for the request, and identify the relief sought.5Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 7 – Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers Your opposition brief must follow the same formal requirements. Courts impose page limits, font specifications, margin requirements, and cover-page formats that vary by jurisdiction. Filing a brief that exceeds the page limit or uses the wrong font can result in the court striking it from the record.
Nearly every federal court now requires electronic filing. You upload your opposition as a PDF through the court’s electronic case filing system, which also serves the document on all registered parties. After filing, verify that the system generated a confirmation receipt and that service was completed on everyone.
When the Movant Raises New Arguments in Reply
The standard briefing cycle runs three steps: the motion, the opposition, and the reply. In theory, the reply should only address arguments raised in the opposition. In practice, moving parties sometimes use their reply brief to introduce new legal theories or cite cases not previously discussed. When that happens, you’ve lost your chance to respond, unless the court allows a sur-reply.
A sur-reply is not filed as a matter of right. You must request the court’s permission, typically by filing a short motion for leave that explains exactly what new material the reply introduced and why you need an opportunity to address it. Courts are more receptive when the reply clearly pivots to arguments or authorities that appeared for the first time. If the reply simply restates the original motion more persuasively, you’re unlikely to get leave.
Possible Outcomes
After briefing, the court issues a ruling, often on the papers alone. The ruling typically takes one of three forms:
- Granted. The court agrees with the moving party. Depending on the motion, this could end your entire case, eliminate specific claims, or compel you to take some action.
- Denied. The court rejects the motion and the case continues as before.
- Granted in part and denied in part. The court accepts some arguments and rejects others, narrowing the claims or issues that proceed toward trial.3Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 – Summary Judgment
If You Lose the Motion
Losing doesn’t necessarily end your options. The path forward depends on the ruling and where you are in the case.
Asking the Trial Court to Reconsider
Under Rule 59(e), you can ask the trial court to alter or amend the judgment. The motion must be filed within 28 days after the judgment is entered.6Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 59 – New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment Courts grant these sparingly. You generally need to show a clear error of law, newly discovered evidence, or a manifest injustice. Rearguing the same points won’t get you anywhere.
Relief From a Final Judgment
Rule 60(b) provides broader grounds but applies only to final judgments or orders. You can seek relief for mistake or excusable neglect, newly discovered evidence, fraud by the opposing party, or a judgment that is void. For most grounds, the motion must be filed within a reasonable time and no later than one year after the judgment was entered.7Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 60 – Relief from a Judgment or Order Rule 60(b)(6), the catch-all for “any other reason that justifies relief,” has no fixed deadline but must still be brought within a reasonable time.
Appealing Before the Case Ends
Most interlocutory orders, meaning rulings made before the case is fully resolved, are not immediately appealable. You typically wait until the case ends and appeal the adverse ruling as part of the final judgment appeal. There are exceptions. Orders involving injunctions, receiverships, and certain patent cases can be appealed right away under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a).8Office of the Law Revision Counsel. 28 USC 1292 – Interlocutory Decisions For other orders, the trial judge must certify in writing that the order involves a controlling question of law with substantial room for disagreement and that an immediate appeal could materially advance the end of the litigation. Even then, the appellate court has discretion to decline.
The Rule 11 Line
Filing an opposition carries an implicit certification that your arguments are legally supported and your factual claims have an evidentiary basis. Rule 11 requires that every paper filed with the court is not filed for an improper purpose like harassment or delay, that legal arguments are warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument for changing it, and that factual claims have evidentiary support.9Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 11 – Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions
Violate those standards and the court can impose sanctions, including non-monetary directives, penalties paid to the court, and in some cases an order to pay the moving party’s attorney fees caused by the violation. Sanctions must be proportional, limited to what is necessary to deter the same conduct in the future.9Legal Information Institute. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 11 – Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions
A safety valve is built in. Before a sanctions motion can be filed with the court, the moving party must serve it on you and give you 21 days to withdraw or correct the challenged filing. That safe harbor gives you a chance to fix an error before facing formal consequences. Courts can also initiate sanctions on their own by issuing a show-cause order, but that process still requires notice and an opportunity to respond before any penalty is imposed.